The  COVID-19 pandemic has changed everything—the price of used cars,  shortages of both food and household supplies, time spent at home, and  how and where we work.

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I have  cystic fibrosis and while I’m relatively healthy—thanks to my excellent  medical care, health insurance, access to medications, and adherence to  my health routine—the pandemic poses a real risk to my life. In the  beginning of the pandemic, the school districts in Massachusetts allowed  everyone to work from home. I worked safely from home. In year two of  schooling during the pandemic, my employer, a public school district,  allowed me and other employees with health concerns, or those who were  expecting additions to their families, to continue working remotely. It  was a very productive year and I supported students who were in the  building and at home. I was grateful to be able to prioritize my health  while working as a school adjustment counselor with students and staff  in likely the greatest global mental health challenge of our lifetime.

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At the  end of the last school year, the pandemic appeared to be waning,  vaccines were available, and I looked forward to returning to normal  life and to the physical workplace in the fall of 2021. Unfortunately, I  was being too optimistic—my doctor advised me two weeks before the  start of the school year that he didn’t recommend me returning in person  as the Delta variant was raging and it wasn’t safe for me or, as I  found out a couple weeks later, for the little one starting to grow  inside me. I put in a request to continue working remotely.

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I  received a letter back immediately saying that students were attending  school in person and they therefore needed me in person as well. My  accommodation request was denied. I met with my Superintendent and tried  to explain my situation and how I could effectively serve my role  remotely. Nothing I said mattered—the district had decided that no one  could work remotely and that was that. She told me that their lawyer  said they didn’t have to allow me to work remotely so it was a no.  Oddly, she didn’t disagree that it was unsafe for me, nor did she  recommend any additional or alternative accommodations. To add insult to  injury, the district also neglected to give me my sick leave days at  the beginning of the year and, only at the prompting by the union, did  they find the error. They then denied my request for time from the sick  bank. Unfortunately, they have decided to discard me because I have an  illness and have deemed me, at least for the time being, to be  professionally worthless.

There is  a Federal Law, the Americans with Disabilities Act, which is supposed  to protect people like me. People who have a disability, who can work,  but also need an accommodation to do so. The key pieces of the law  relative to my situation are:

1. The ADA requires that the employer has at least 15 employees. YES! My employer meets that requirement.

2. The  disability is a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits  one or more major life activities. YES! Breathing qualifies.

3. The  employee can perform the essential functions of the job with an  accommodation. YES! I can perform all parts of my job via Zoom or Google  Meet and I did so for a year and a half.

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While  this is financially devastating to my family, we have no choice but for  me to stay safe. My school district initially offered me a year of  unpaid leave with the guarantee that I could remain on the district’s  insurance. However, I was expected to pay the full cost of the premiums,  including the portion the school normally covered for their employees.  That privilege costs about $2,200 monthly. How can anyone afford to both  lose their income and pay that much money to keep their insurance? We  cannot. When I respectfully let them know that they were in violation of  my rights under the ADA, I received multiple notices pressuring me to  resign.

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The  pandemic has caused “The Great Resignation” and the ensuing  disproportionate effects on moms. Over 3.5 million American mothers have  left the workforce. Some good will come of this—people are leaving  unsafe work environments where they are poorly paid for better work  opportunities. People are reevaluating their priorities and shifting  some of the focus from career to home and family. However, many  (disproportionately women) will not be able to return to the workplace  for many years, and their opportunities for career growth and  compensation will be negatively impacted when they do return.

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People  with disabilities are more likely to have become unemployed due to the  pandemic. People with disabilities who lose their jobs may be less  likely to return to work. More may become newly eligible for or choose  to file disability benefits and seek support from social services.  People with disabilities face barriers to remaining at work. People like  me with disabilities are more likely to have an underlying medical  condition that puts them at increased risk of severe illness from  COVID-19. I wonder how many others are in a similar situation.

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I work  in education as an adjustment counselor; 17.1% of students in 2020 in my  school district have a disability and we are charged with preparing  them for life after K-12. We create 504 plans and IEPs and tell their  families (and ourselves) that we are preparing them for a bright future  full of opportunities. We attempt to give them the skills and tools  necessary to be productive members of our society. I find it  hypocritical that this same educational system thinks that staff with  disabilities are professionally worthless and easily disposable. We pay  lip service to the concepts of equity and the importance of diversity. I  am a young, white, middle-class (usually) woman living in  Massachusetts. I am highly educated with two masters degrees and have  spent years working at the Cape Organization for Rights of the Disabled,  advocating for individuals and students with disabilities in the areas  of housing, access, equity, employment, education, and social services.  These experiences made me fully aware of my employment rights when this  situation occurred. Personal discrimination is a new experience for me  and being discriminated against because I have a disability feels  terrible, is demeaning, and is illegal.

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Most  have entered a new phase of this pandemic where they are returning to a  new normal. Some people, like me, are not able to do that yet. Our  family has done everything possible to both stay safe and to also  protect others. While never testing positive for COVID-19, we have been  disproportionately negatively affected during the pandemic and we will  continue to be so affected. We are trying to survive, as I am sure many  others are.

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I spent  my career thus far envisioning a future where we create employment  opportunities with inclusion and equity, where a diverse workforce with  true representation is an actuality, and the ability to stay working is  valued equally to obtaining employment. For that to happen, employers  need to look critically at their practices and values and operate  equitably and ethically. I have recently been denied extended unpaid  medical leave and received an intent-to-terminate letter from the school  district due to a claim of incapacity. My disability has not  incapacitated me; my employer has. In the meantime, if you are in a  similar situation or know of an awesome place to work remotely, please  let me know. I’d love to connect with others going through these same  battles.

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Read the Spring 2022 issue of CF Roundtable for updates to Katie’s story.

Katherine  Lockwood is 33 years old and has CF. She lives in Massachusetts with  her husband Arden and their daughter Rose, with another daughter,  Magnolia, on the way. When not surviving a pandemic, you can find them  swimming, boating, renovating, drinking champagne, and eating potluck  dinners with friends. Katherine has spent this time out of work crafting  a children’s book about differences. To read more about her project  visit https://www.acorncottagepress.com/

Some  people with cystic fibrosis who are currently not working but receiving  disability benefits want to work more than the allowable amount of less  than 20 hours a week and make more work earnings than the Social  Security rules allow. Yet they do not want to lose the Medicaid coverage  they receive because they are eligible for Supplemental Security Income  (SSI) benefits. This issue’s column will provide information on a  Social Security work incentive program called Section 1619(b), which is a  program that encourages beneficiaries who are able to work more than 20  hours a week to undertake a work attempt while retaining their Medicaid  benefit.

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Section  1619(b) of the Social Security Act applies only to individuals receiving  SSI benefits. The 1619(b) rules DO NOT apply to recipients of SSDI or  Medicare. There is a separate set of rules that applies to SSDI  recipients who have Medicare and this will be discussed in the second  part of this series that will appear in the next edition of CF  Roundtable.

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Nothing  in this column is meant to be legal advice and is only meant to be legal  information. If a reader has a question about the information provided  in this column, the reader can contact the CF Legal Information Hotline  at CFLegal@sufianpassamano.com or call 1-800-622-0385. All contacts are confidential and there is no  cost to call. The CF Legal Information Hotline is funded by the CF  Foundation, but staff are not employees of the CF Foundation.

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Continued Medicaid Eligibility Under §1619(b).

Some  Supplemental Security Income (SSI) beneficiaries want to return to work  after they are determined to be disabled by the Social Security  Administration and after they begin receiving SSI benefits. Section  1619(b) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1382h(b)) provides a way  for individuals to remain eligible for Medicaid even when they engage in  substantial gainful activity despite having a severe medical  impairment. Section 1619(b) is intended to encourage SSI beneficiaries  to return to work and allow them to retain Medicaid benefits, although  the monthly cash SSI benefit will stop.

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A. How Income Affects SSI Benefits.

Before  looking at the details of §1619(b), it is helpful to see how income  affects SSI eligibility to understand the benefits of the §1619(b)  program.

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A  typical SSI beneficiary receives a monthly cash benefit and Medicaid.  The maximum federal SSI monthly amount in 2022 is $841 per month. Some  states add a state supplement to the federal amount. However, the SSA  may reduce the monthly cash benefit based on the beneficiary’s living  arrangement. Also, the SSA will reduce the monthly cash benefit for each  dollar of other income the beneficiary receives.

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Unearned  income reduces the SSI benefit by a 1:1 ratio—each dollar of unearned  income offsets the benefit by one dollar. Earned income reduces the  benefit by a 2:1 ratio—every two dollars of earned income offsets the  benefit by one dollar. To maintain the Medicaid benefit, the beneficiary  must have at least one dollar of SSI monthly cash benefit. If the  monthly cash benefit is offset and reduced to zero, eligibility for SSI  ends.

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Many  people who look at the Social Security website and publications will see  a reference by Social Security to an amount of $1,310, which is  considered substantial gainful activity and the maximum allowable  monthly earnings from work activity. Many people incorrectly conclude  that a beneficiary can retain their SSI benefits as long as their earned  income is less than $1,310 per month.

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What  matters is the individual’s monthly benefit amount and whether it is  offset by income. For example, if a beneficiary received a monthly SSI  cash benefit of $524 and had earned income of $1,050 per month, then the  individual’s monthly benefit would be reduced to zero by a $525 offset,  since every two dollars of earned income offsets the benefit by one  dollar. The result is the individual would become ineligible for SSI and  lose both the monthly cash payment and Medicaid, even though the  monthly earnings were less than $1,310.

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However,  an SSI beneficiary who is working may avoid the loss of SSI benefits  due to earnings if the beneficiary enrolls in the Section 1619(b)  program. By enrolling in §1619(b), the beneficiary’s Medicaid  eligibility will continue, and the monthly SSI cash benefit will stop.  There are limits to the amount of income a Section 1619(b) beneficiary  can earn and still retain Medicaid eligibility. However, the earning  limit for an SSI beneficiary enrolled in Section 1619(b) is higher than  the allowable earnings for an SSI beneficiary not enrolled in Section  1619(b).

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B. Section 1619(b) Is NOT Automatic.

An SSI  beneficiary must request enrollment in Section 1619(b) when returning to  work and must make this request before the Social Security  Administration suspends or terminates SSI eligibility for exceeding the  monthly income limits.

If SSA  suspends or terminates benefits because income or assets exceed the  limits, then the individual loses SSI eligibility—both the cash benefit  and the Medicaid eligibility. However, if SSA stops monthly payments  because of Section 1619(b) enrollment, then the cash benefit stops but  the Medicaid may continue if the individual otherwise qualifies.

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C. Section 1619(b) Eligibility.

1. The beneficiary must be receiving SSI benefits.

To  enroll in continued Medicaid eligibility under Section 1619(b), the  individual must, of course, be eligible for SSI. That means the  beneficiary must have received at least one month of an SSI monthly cash  benefit, and the beneficiary must have been eligible for Medicaid  coverage in the month before the beneficiary became eligible under  Section 1619(b).

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2. The beneficiary must continue to be disabled under Social Security rules.

The  individual must also continue to have the disabling impairment on which  the individual was found to be disabled by Social Security under its  rules. Being disabled by cystic fibrosis under Social Security rules is  not the same as having a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Social Security  rules require specific symptoms or combinations of symptoms that are  clinically documented for the person to be considered disabled by Social  Security.

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This can  sometimes be a narrow path because often the degree of improved health  that enables the beneficiary to work may also form the basis for Social  Security to find the individual is no longer disabled. Social Security  generally is permitted to reassess a beneficiary’s health status to  determine if the beneficiary continues to be disabled. In fact, the  Social Security Administration directs its field office to reassess the  disability status of any SSI beneficiary who applies for Section 1619(b)  within 12 months after the disability onset date determined by Social  Security. See POMS SI-02302.010; DI 13010.110

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3. The beneficiary must need Medicaid benefits to maintain employment.

Also,  the continuation of Medicaid benefits must be necessary for the  individual to maintain employment. Generally, this means that the  individual’s earnings from work are not sufficient to replace SSI,  Medicaid, and any publicly funded attendant care services. If the  individual is earning less than the maximum allowed under Section  1619(b), this requirement is typically met.

4. Earnings from employment must be less than the maximum allowable annual amount.

Once an  individual becomes eligible to participate in §1619(b), they may retain  Medicaid eligibility even if they earn an amount greater than their  monthly SSI cash benefit and more than $1,310/month, which is usually  considered substantial gainful activity. Although SSI beneficiaries may  earn more than these amounts while enrolled in §1619(b), their earnings  must still be below the §1619(b) earnings “threshold.” The earnings  threshold is the amount of earned income that is sufficient to replace  SSI and Medicaid (including publicly funded attendant care services, if  any) in the state where the beneficiary resides. The threshold amount  varies by state and the threshold amount in each state may be found on  the Social Security Administration website at: www.ssagov/disabilityresearch/wi/1619b.htm

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5. The beneficiary must remain within the SSI resource limit.

To be  eligible for 1619(b), the beneficiary must also meet the SSI financial  resource requirements. The financial eligibility requirements count both  current income and other financial resources. If a beneficiary exceeds  the limits, the person will no longer be eligible for SSI.

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Although  §1619(b) income limits are higher than ordinary SSI, the resource limit  is not higher. SSI is a needs-based program for individuals who have  countable resources worth not more than $2,000 for an individual or  $3,000 for an individual and spouse. The countable resource limit does  not increase if a beneficiary enrolls in Section 1619(b).

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Countable  resources are the things the individual owns that count toward the  resource limit, such as cash, bank deposits, stocks, savings bonds,  land, insurance with a cash value, personal property, vehicles, and  anything else that could be exchanged for cash. Some resources owned by  others can be deemed by Social Security as a resource available to the  individual.

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Some  assets are not counted as a resource by Social Security. For example,  the value of a house if used as the beneficiary’s primary residence is  not counted as a resource. Also, the value of one vehicle is not counted  as a resource, but the value of any vehicles other than the first one  are counted as a resource.

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D. Meet All Other SSI Eligibility Rules.

There  are other eligibility rules for Section 1619(b) and for continued SSI  eligibility that are not mentioned here, and a beneficiary must continue  to be eligible for SSI to participate in 1619(b).

Beth  Sufian is 55 years old and has CF. She is an attorney who focuses her  law practice on disability law and is the Treasurer of USACFA. Her  contact information is on page 2. You may contact her with your legal  questions about CF-related issues at CFLegal@sufianpassamano.com.

In  this article, I’d like to ponder all kinds of guilt, not just  survivor’s guilt. Guilt is a prosocial emotion and burden for every  conscious human being. How we carry guilt and what we do with it has a  profound impact on our psychological and spiritual lives. I have a very  close bond with guilt. It is drilled into me by my Japanese culture. I  feel bad for my privilege, for burdening others, for needing attention,  for hurting the environment with all my medical waste. You name it, I’ve  got it. Most of the time, I look the other way, or I try to let it go.

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As I  have started losing friends to CF, I have often struggled with guilt  about whether I was a good enough friend. I think to myself: I should’ve  called them more; I should’ve sent a gift or card; or I should’ve  visited them and brought a casserole. I feel guilty that I was too busy  dealing with my own issues to pay attention to someone else’s struggles.

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The  timing of the topic of survivor’s guilt is especially pertinent to me.  By the time you are reading this, I’ve celebrated my entry into my sixth  decade of life. This is a milestone I never imagined that I could  reach. While I celebrate this miracle, I leave behind my twin sister who  barely experienced her forties. My birthday will always come with a  sting of survivor’s guilt. Hundreds of my CF peers never came close to  this milestone. Why am I still here?

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On an  intellectual level, I’ve denied that I’ve had survivor’s guilt for  years. It’s not my fault my friends died earlier. I couldn’t control  Ana’s cancer. Everyone has their story. And I have a mantra: “guilt  implies intent.” This was never meant to be a competition for the  survival of the fittest. If I didn’t intend to outlive so many, then I  don’t need to feel guilty.

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But the  intellect and the heart and spirit are not always congruent. This is the  hallmark of internal conflict. If I pause and be still, and allow the  emotions to arise, I feel it. I carry survivor’s guilt with such a  profound weight. It seems so unfair that I’ve been given more time than  so many of my friends with CF and my organ donor. It makes me sob.

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In my  work as a grief counselor, guilt and grief go hand in hand. There is the  guilt that one is not grieving hard enough. There is the guilt that one  is not coping well enough. Guilt can be a form of self-inflicted  suffering by the survivor so they can suffer as much as the person who  died. The could’ve/should’ve/would’ve thoughts are incredibly natural in  grief. This counterfactual thinking occurs when survivors feel they  have responsibility for the death of a loved one. When my sister was  dying of cancer, I gave her a very high dose of opiates and she died.  Initially I felt guilty that my hands ended her life. But then I  returned to my intentions. The dose was to relieve her of suffering;  cancer killed her.

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I see  guilt as an attempt to control. Without control, the universe is truly  unpredictable and chaotic. So grieving people often wish they could  rewind the tape and “do more” to change the outcome. This tendency is a  way to process the death and accept what did happen.

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Another  way I see guilt is as a form of caregiving. Parents and spouses are  especially vulnerable to guilt, because of the intensity of their bond  and their roles as protectors. Surviving family members are often the  primary caregivers of the dying person. They care because they love the  person, and we all have an innate instinct to care for people we love.  After the death of a loved one, we want to keep taking care of the  deceased, and our minds trick us into thinking we can still do that—if  we had only taken her to the doctor earlier; if I had forced him to do  treatments; if we had fed them a healthier diet, etc. Eventually, we  learn that this kind of caregiving is futile. We can redirect this  caregiving into honoring and remembering the person instead.

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Yet,  truthfully, sometimes guilt is justified. Sometimes our actions do  deliberately hurt someone. Yelling at the insurance guy because my  insurance denied another medication makes me guilty for blaming him.  Feeling guilty after driving drunk and killing someone is justified.  Guilt after suicide is intensely real when you could’ve helped a friend  who expressed thoughts of self-harm.

There  are many ways to cope with grief-related guilt. We can write letters or  talk to an empty chair or photo of the person who died. We can sit at  the cemetery and express our apologies. This act of conscience is a gift  to ourselves to relieve this burden. We can also share our feelings  with others who understand us and ask them to be a mirror to us. Other  people can help us see if the perceived wrongdoing is, in fact, real.

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Guilt  can be spiritually toxic. In fact, Buddhists regard guilt as a negative  emotion that hinders spiritual growth. Guilt can lead to dangerous  beliefs as a person such as “I’m a horrible person,” or “I am  unforgivable. It’s my fault. I’m inadequate/weak.” In the short term,  some of this can be humbling or awakening, but in the long term, these  beliefs will damage our souls. A spiritual practice can help us cope  with guilt. Over time, it’s important to convert dangerous beliefs to  spiritually healthier approaches such as “I did the best I could. I can  forgive myself and move on. I am okay despite my mistakes.”

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Many  religions use guilt to control our human nature, often with threat and  fear. Guilt gives us moral culpability and controls. As a Japanese  person, I think my cultural guilt is only topped by Jewish and Catholic  guilt! But seriously, religious practices can absolve us of guilt. They  ask us to stand before God and repent. Our spirituality can highlight  our intentions and give us perspective. It can help us see that our acts  or lack of acts are so small in the grand scheme of things. Atonement  is a release of our guilt to a higher power or to a greater good. A  spirit of love trumps all things.

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A  spiritual life invites us to act on our guilt. We can do something with  it. We can do good deeds to redeem a mistake; we can pay it forward and  help others; we can turn to God. And we can learn to forgive ourselves.  That doesn’t mean condoning a behavior that gave us guilt and forget  what happened, but, rather, accept our human actions with regret and  make a commitment to live well going forward. In other words, guilt can  play a powerful, spiritual role in our lives: to motivate us to follow a  moral compass and to live the best life we can do.  This facilitation  of integrity is perhaps why a low dose of guilt can serve us well.

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Living  with CF is hard enough. I do not want to inflict any more negative  energy into my life with guilt. I look for the teachings of guilt. It  keeps me in check and keeps me from boasting. I express gratitude and  glow in the awe of all I’ve received in this one precious life. I know  how fortunate I am compared to so many others with CF. I don’t need to  punish myself for my blessings.

Isa Stenzel Byrnes is 50 years old and has CF. She lives in Redwood City, California. She is 17 years post-lung transplant.

The  topic of survivor’s guilt is a weighty one when you grow up with a  disease like cystic fibrosis. Nearly all of us have experienced death  more frequently and closely than an average person as we watched CF  friends succumb to disease progression, organ transplant rejection, and  sometimes even out-of-the-blue complications like a pulmonary embolism  or pneumothorax. We know the complex blend of emotions that come with  these deaths—grief laced through with guilt that the often-random hand  of fate came for our loved one and not for us; anxiety about our own  condition; and gratitude for our relative health.

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When it  comes to parenting with CF, there are two types of survivor’s guilt I  struggle with: the deep stab of pain that comes when a fellow CF parent  loses their life and leaves their children without them, and the dull  ache when beloved CF friends who wish for parenthood are unable to  achieve it—whether due to health status, infertility, or financial  constraints. Some days, it’s hard to look at my own beautiful  eight-year-old daughter without being overwhelmed by this guilt.

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Several  years ago, I learned, to my complete shock, that Kristi, one of my  closest friends with CF, had died of an unidentified pulmonary embolism.  One of the things that had connected us was the fact that our daughters  were almost exactly the same age, and that both of us had been in the  first wave of women to conceive after starting Kalydeco in 2012. We  loved comparing notes on our “Kalydeco twins” as they grew up, sharing  photos and stories and sometimes even dressing our babies in matching  outfits. For days, every time I looked at my daughter (then three years  old), I thought about Kristi’s own three-year-old, now growing up  without her mother. I wondered over and over again what it would be like  for my daughter if she were to lose me in such an unexpected way. I  felt swallowed by my own guilt about being able to share small moments  of beauty—snuggling together to read books, taking walks in the spring  sunshine—with my toddler, when Kristi was no longer with hers.

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As time  passed, my grief became less acute. But even five years later, I think  often of Kristi and her daughter. These days, when the two of them come  to mind, I try to send a wish into the universe for her little  girl—that, even though her mother is not with her, she might be  surrounded by people who love and cherish her just like her mama did.  And on those days, I hug my own daughter extra tight, determined to help  her grow up understanding what a precious gift life is. In some small  way, teaching my daughter to dwell in gratitude for the beautiful world  and its blessings feels like a way to honor the legacy of my CF friends  who do not get to raise their own children. When we do not take our  lives for granted, but rather make time to recognize and give thanks for  the many gifts life brings us, we are affirming the value of every  life—whether it be long or short.

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There is  also survivor’s guilt that comes along with having been able to  successfully bring a child into the world when so many would-be parents  with cystic fibrosis aren’t able to, whether because their health status  prevents it or because of insurmountable issues with fertility or  finances. Because it took me several years to get pregnant, I’m acutely  familiar with the intense sorrow that comes from longing for a child  without being able to have one. Even almost a decade after my own  pregnancy, I remember the anguish of my infertile years with vivid  clarity. When I know a friend is struggling with childlessness, it’s  easy to feel guilty that I was able to achieve my dream of parenthood.

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Regardless  of the reason for my survivor’s guilt, I try to give myself time to  work through the complicated feelings it stirs up. First, I allow myself  to recognize that usually, this guilt is a manifestation of sorrow or  grief—whether because of the death of a beloved friend, or because of  the understanding that they are in pain. For me, at least, I need to let  myself feel and acknowledge that sorrow before I can move forward.

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Next, I  focus on gratitude and appreciation for the blessings that I  have—recognizing that the happy moments in my life do not take away from  or diminish anyone else’s, and that no friends who love me would wish  for me to deny the good things in my life in a misplaced attempt to make  them feel better. I do, however, work hard to learn and respect any  boundaries that a loved one might create—for instance, if I know that a  friend who’s struggling with infertility is triggered by talking about  kids, I’ll refrain from conversation focused on my daughter.

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And  finally, just as I’ve done over the past five years since my friend  Kristi died, I try to help my daughter learn to feel and express  gratitude for the blessings in her life. In addition, I work hard to  make sure she knows that the world is filled with many kinds of people  and many kinds of families—and that there are many ways to live a “good”  life. In teaching her to respect others’ differences, I hope that she  may grow up to be a person who will create safe spaces in her life for  the motherless children, childless adults, and unconventional families  she comes to know. When I emphasize to her the importance of respecting  and loving others, it feels as though I am carrying the legacy of the  friends I love who have lost their lives or lost their dreams—working to  make the world my daughter will inherit a kinder, gentler place for  those who have experienced great sorrow.

Cindy  Baldwin is 32 years old and has CF. She lives near Portland, Oregon,  with her husband and daughter. Cindy is the author of several middle  grade books published by HarperCollins, including The Stars of Whistling Ridge, which released in June 2021.

It  feels very appropriate to write about survivor’s guilt for this issue  of CF Roundtable after reflecting on caregiving in the last one. For me,  the two topics have become closely linked. Historically I have used  survivor’s guilt as a reason to neglect my own self-care in favor of  working endlessly to help fellow people with CF and other chronic  conditions. But recently, I have realized in earnest that surviving  means more than just existing.

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I got  into a pattern for many years where I set no boundaries with myself,  despite improving steadily at setting needed boundaries with others. I  still struggle with unrealistic expectations of myself, especially when  it comes to work. Given that I work full time as a medical school  professor, in addition to volunteering full time in the CF community,  and have not yet managed to overcome the essential human need for sleep,  none of this even made sense mathematically.

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During  the summer of 2021, I wound up so overwhelmed by commitments I had  readily agreed to that I felt as if I could not breathe intellectually.  Although that would have been a familiar sensation physically, it  disturbed me deeply when I felt as if I had no space at all inside my  own mind. I had put myself in that position partly because I thought I  owed my boundless energies to other people who had not gotten to live as  long with their CF as I had with mine.

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Of  course, I had also survived other things that doubtless played a role in  my sense that my only value in life came from working tirelessly to  meet the needs of others. I fight daily against a deep, insidious fear  of being expendable—or perhaps more accurately, a sense that I already  am expendable but have managed to convince people otherwise through  sheer magnitude of effort. This may be my version of the “impostor  syndrome” many academics experience.

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As an  abuse survivor who engages these lived experiences in all areas of my  professional practice, I have long since imparted to my students that  consent cannot be given when a person feels afraid to refuse. Yet I  wound up reproducing those same circumstances in my own life as a  survivor. When I was given an earnest compliment by a colleague that  “people always ask you for things because you never say no,” it  disturbed me profoundly. It was not the kind or earnest tenor of the  feedback that chilled me, but rather the logical implications in my own  mind.

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So it  seems fitting that what ultimately helped me change my behavior was  thinking about the lessons I pass along to my students. I admitted  readily, both to myself and to colleagues, that I could not knowingly  model behavior for my students that was obviously hurting me. I knew my  students deserved education from faculty who modeled the same compassion  for ourselves that we nurture in our students for others. I leaned into  this with the same zeal I have always brought to education: by sharing  openly about my own relevant experiences as case examples.

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I have  learned that I can best cope with survivor’s guilt by doing everything I  can to get out of situations that I know are harming my health. This is  what honoring survivorship means to me now. I have begun to reap some  of the benefits of this approach by getting settled in a new home in a  different community with better air quality and fewer environmental  stressors. After exploring relocating to a smaller city roughly halfway  between the campuses where my partner and I have taught for over two  years, we decided to move forward.

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With  working from home some days each week becoming almost expected after  changes introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, we felt confident that  moving would improve our quality of life both individually and jointly. I  also suspected it would require me to continue practicing setting  boundaries with myself and also facilitate getting more of the rest I  have often denied myself.

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So far,  our projections have proven wholly accurate. I am understandably unsure  whether my colleagues even believed me when I said that I would finally  take the surplus annual leave I had accumulated during the pandemic to  allow me to spend time packing up the old house, moving our possessions,  supervising the crew that moved our furniture, and setting up the new  house while still getting adequate sleep and completing my daily CF care  tasks. But as both an experienced educator and an aging researcher, I  know no one is ever too old to learn new skills.

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At 38, I  have survived a great deal. I have gotten second chances that others  did not. I have walked out of hospital beds and intimate relationships  that I was never guaranteed to leave alive. I have left homes, literally  and metaphorically. Yet as I embrace survivorship as motivation to do  better for myself, I feel as if I am just getting started. I told my  parents that even amid the chaos of moving all our possessions  ourselves, it felt like we were “finally getting to the good part” of  our lives. That still feels true today.

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The  story of our housing search—which wound up being uncharacteristically  short and easy—mirrors these broader changes in our lives and what we  have learned along the way. I knew when I saw our house in person for  the first time that it would be perfect for the next chapter of our  lives. I could also tell from touring the home that one of the people  who had the house custom-built 21 years ago had firsthand experience  with disabling chronic illness.

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I would  not learn the full story of the house until after moving in. When I did,  it resonated deeply. As I tended to the yard and landscaping plots, I  found a decorative piece of stonework beside a palm tree near the front  portico. It memorializes someone who passed away from cancer and also  welcomes others to the property. I already knew from my research on the  property that the surviving owner had moved away and sold the house to  an investor. I wonder if they dealt with survivor’s guilt of their own,  or if the grief of staying in the home they shared with their partner  became too much—or both.

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I washed  the stone carefully until its message shone clearly in the sunlight.  Later that day, I showed it to my wife and told her what I had learned. I  hope the people who lived their dreams in this house before death  intervened would feel happy to know who lives here now. After all, I  have come to know that feeling firsthand myself.

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Watching  my peers in the CF community thrive as they gain access to innovative  therapies, like CFTR protein modulators, has balanced the feelings of  guilt I have sometimes experienced surrounding my own survival. Although  I cannot take those specific drugs myself due to genetic ineligibility,  I embrace the deeper wisdom of this moment in our community story.  Survival requires not only fighting to ensure our fellow patients get  those same chances, but also intentionally doing the best we can for  ourselves each day.

Dr.  Alexandra “Xan” Nowakowski is 38 years old and has CF. Xan is a  director of CF Roundtable, in addition to being a medical sociologist  and public health program evaluator. They currently serve as an  Assistant Professor in the Geriatrics and Behavioral Sciences and Social  Medicine departments at Florida State University College of Medicine.  They also founded the Write Where It Hurts project (www.writewhereithurts.net)  on scholarship engaging lessons from lived experience of illness and  trauma with their spouse, Dr. J Sumerau. You can find their contact  information on page 2.

We  all could use a little more joy this season. The winter months are  long; often dark and cold (well, it is here in the Northeast, anyway).  The importance of mental health is elevated. As humans, we need a  glimmer of hope to keep going. Some sort of light in the darkness that  shows us that there are better days ahead. Perhaps joy is the solution.

In the  CF world, we aren’t strangers to dark times. When CF threatens to take  us out, we are enveloped by darkness. Respiratory infections,  gastrointestinal blockages, diabetic crises—you name it, we fight it. In  the moment of fighting for our lives, it feels so heavy and dark. We  often wonder if we’ll make it out alive. That’s not being dramatic; it’s  real life. That’s the reality that we live with every single day.

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While  the world has grown darker in some ways amid the pandemic, we’ve also  seen similar reactions in “normal” people who have been forced to live  outside of their comfort zones, often beyond their control. People are  disheartened, frustrated, overwhelmed, scared, and many entertain  hopelessness.

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The  emotional cycle has parallels to our frequent exacerbations and dances  with death. The irony isn’t lost on our community that the rest of the  world is getting a small dose of how we have to live our lives on the  daily. Rarely are our lives comfortable. And a big part of our lives—our  health—is outside of our control.

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Something  shifts in us when we are faced with our own mortality. It shakes us  awake to what’s truly important. And it tends to strip away the things  that don’t really matter.

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What  I’ve witnessed in our community is the steadfast resilience that  overtakes those who are fighting for their lives. The ability to rally  in times of life and death is one of our greatest attributes. We are the  kings and queens of never giving up. And regardless of whether we  realize it, the world is watching and is inspired by our valiance. We  also have this incredible innate drive to focus on what brings us joy.  It’s often the focal point that keeps us going in seemingly dark times.  Our light radiates when we can find joy despite our circumstances. When  we share that with those around us, the days become lighter in every  sense of the word.

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As a  community, we are built on care, compassion, and camaraderie. We have  risen up together both in times of tragedy and in times of triumph. My  gratitude for the connections I have in the CF and transplant community  runs deep. We are connected in a way that only we understand and that is  such a beautiful gift. I know that we will continue to rally around one  another; together apart.

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On an  individual level, we need to take care of ourselves mentally,  emotionally, spiritually, and physically. Whatever it takes, we have to  do it. We cannot apologize for our decisions, actions, and responses.  While we do have to be intentional and think beforehand, we must follow  through with what makes sense for each of our individual paths in this  life. Part of that is determining what the best course is. Only we know  what that means for each of us.

So my  challenge for you: decide this year to do the things that spark joy. Get  curious. Chase what is in your heart to do. Don’t stop believing that  better days are coming. Chances are they’re right around the corner. Be  present always, cultivate peace, and share your light with those around  you.

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This will be my last column here with CF Roundtable. I have so enjoyed sharing my heart with all of you. Please come join me  on my journey into new beginnings: @Lungs4Lovey (Facebook &  Instagram). Lots of love sent for a peaceful season and a joy-filled  2022!

Lara  Govendo is 35 years old and has CF. She lives in Vermont as a wild  adventure enthusiast who holds a Master’s Degree in Mental Health  Counseling. She currently works as a mental health counselor for middle  schoolers. She also writes about living life beyond chronic illness and  develops educational programs to restore hope to those in need. Thanks  to her double-lung transplant in 2017, you can now find Lara traveling  on the regular, exploring the glorious outdoors, and belly laughing with  her loves. You can find her online at www.laragovendo.com (and on Facebook and Instagram) at “Lungs4Lovey.” You can email her at lgovendo@usacfa.org.

Like  many CF patients growing up in the 1970s, I watched too many tiny  black-and-white coffins rolling down church aisles amidst the anguished  sounds of family and friends trying to hold it together while their  lives were breaking apart. In fact, it was after attending one too many  of these memorials that I first experienced survivor’s guilt. The last  one I attended was for a 12-year-old girl named Jenx who was my best and  last surviving friend with CF at the time. The survivor’s guilt from  her passing cast a shadow over the rest of my life.

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She and I  were opposites in many ways. She reached a level of acceptance in her  life that made her ooze virtue, wisdom, and grace; whereas I “made a  mess,” at least according to the baby book where my first words were  recorded. For example, when some bully at school picked on her for her  sunken eyes, unkempt hair (caused by the mist tent she slept in), and  never coming to school, she walked away only to go home and pray for her  bullies. In the meantime, I waited until the bully in the front turned  his head and hit him in the ear with my full lunch box. Later, when she  was too sick to ride Apple, the broken-down old horse in the pasture  down the street, she would ask me to wheel her to the edge of the fence  so she could watch me. Often, even though I didn’t want to ride Apple  (nor did he want me to ride him, I imagine) in circles in that  undersized paddock, I would do it just to see the ear-to-ear smile  tucked under her tattered Mickey Mouse cap from the Make-a-Wish trip to  Disney she took when she was five.

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For  those who are interested, survivor’s guilt was first observed in  Holocaust survivors. Their disruptive and obtrusive thoughts were  documented and studied. The overarching question was always why did they  survive when others, whom they deemed more worthy and deserving of  survival, perish instead? Unfortunately, all too many survived the  hellscape of the camps only to be imprisoned by their own guilt, which  drove them to drink themselves to death or commit suicide in  surprisingly large numbers. Typically, when we think of survivor’s  guilt, we think of cases in which individuals survive war, accidents,  natural disasters, or violence. However, surviving an illness deadly to  others is a well documented and not uncommon cause of survivor’s guilt  as well. In the latter situation, survivor’s guilt is completely normal;  so much so that some theorists consider it abnormal if you do not feel  survivor’s guilt in such circumstances.

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So what  is survivor’s guilt and how can we live rich, full lives despite the  guilt of outliving our fellow warriors? Most psychologists agree that  survivor’s guilt is a particular type of grief in which you cannot move  past the question “why them and not me?” Just like other types of grief,  which are natural psychological and emotional adaptations to loss,  survivor’s guilt takes time to process and heal and this varies greatly  from person to person in terms of acuity and length of time. Some of the  symptoms of survivor’s guilt include obtrusive and/or obsessive  negative thoughts, emotional numbness, amotivational syndrome (e.g., not  wanting to get out of bed), anhedonia (e.g., not wanting to do things  you used to enjoy), intense fear, urges to engage in self-harm (e.g.,  cutting), suicidal thoughts, or substance abuse.

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Survivor’s  guilt is fairly common in the general population, but it’s particularly  prevalent in the CF community where so many of us have siblings, family  members, and close friends who have been taken from us too soon by this  disease. Further, the more immersed you are in the community and the  more your social support network relies on the community, the more  likely you are to experience grief and/or survivor’s guilt because you  connected to more people with short life spans. Over the course of my  life, the methods I have employed to process survivor’s guilt have  ranged from drinking myself into a stupor to bringing it to my therapist  so it can be used as fodder to spur my emotional growth.

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The following are a few ideas for coping with survivor’s guilt that I have found to be particularly helpful:

• Focus  on the deceased person’s best qualities and try to emulate them. Since  Jenx’s passing I have often thought about how she deeply accepted her CF  and the way she let it mold her into a better, more patient, kind,  compassionate, empathic, and graceful person. When I find myself  thinking of her, I try to channel those thoughts into striving to embody  her best qualities.

• Let  the waves of grief and guilt kindle your generosity. One of the most  powerful things I learned in sobriety is that connecting with and  sharing my experience with others, providing a helping hand to someone  in need, and offering my time and/or resources to assist others are all  positive actions that I can take to disrupt my negative thought cycles  and accelerate my emotional healing.

•  Acknowledge the survivor’s guilt, label the emotions, and affirm your  capacity. When I first experienced survivor’s guilt, it felt like a  tsunami that drowned out all of my thoughts. When I got sober, I  realized that what I thought was a tsunami was merely a set of emotions  and thoughts which, individually, I had the strength and tools to  manage.

• Focus  on your current relationships in the here and now. When I’m struggling  with loss, and survivor’s guilt in particular, one of the most effective  things I can do is lean more heavily on the love of friends, family,  and fellow warriors in the moment. When I fight the urge to turn away  and isolate and instead lean into others, I feel better faster.

•  Cherish your life by loving yourself and fighting your disease. In my  heart, I know what I need to do to live my best life despite CF,  including taking my meds, doing treatments, attending clinic regularly,  praying, working out, consuming the micro and macronutrients my body  needs, and staying connected with my family, friends, and therapist. I  strive to let my negative, intrusive thoughts be catalysts to engage in  positive, productive actions.

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In the  CF community, we are constantly living in the valley of the shadow of  death of loved ones and dear friends who have gone before us. We can  choose to let these experiences mire us down in cycles of  self-destructive behavior and corrosive thoughts or we can strive to  embody the best of those who have gone before so that they can live in  perpetuity and we can live more fully. My prayer for all you CF warriors  is that you find the strength to keep fighting and find ways to live  well even as you walk in the valley of the shadow.

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Mark  Tremblay is 52 years old and has CF. He lives in Albany, NY, with his  wife, MaryGrace. He has a Master of Arts in Psychology from Marywood  University and a Master of Public Administration from Syracuse  University. Mark has worked in the New York Governor’s Division of  Budget for six years and presently works full time at the Department of  Health. He is the President of “CF Vests for Life,” which collects  donated therapy vests, nebulizers, and oxygen saturators for  distribution to CF patients around the world. Additionally, he is the  leader of the Attain Health group, “CF Warriors for Recovery and  Freedom.” Mark is also a director of USACFA. His contact information is  on page 2.

Raven  is 38 years old and lives in Phoenix, AZ. I first met Raven as she was  starting to share openly online about her experiences as a transsex  woman with CF. But we wound up having plenty more in common besides  being part of the trans and queer CF communities! Over time we bonded  about our shared love of music, from listening to heavy metal and hard  rock to playing guitar ourselves and talking about our favorite  equipment. We’ve hung out on her Twitch streams, talked about how  gender-affirming healthcare is evolving as a field, recommended books to  each other, supported each other in our journeys with CF and mental  health, and shared many cute memes about bats. Spotlight, please!

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What  would you like our readers to know about your journey? What do you wish  healthcare providers knew about working with transsex folks who have CF?

I think  I’ve been pretty lucky because my doctor was really accepting and open  to it. I don’t think even doctors realize how few resources there are  for trans people to get any care. Every time I go to CF clinic, my  doctor always asks me how the transition-related surgeries are going,  whether I’m able to undergo them…and I’m like, “yeah, I just don’t have  the money,” so the surgeries are pretty much on hold indefinitely. Aside  from that, he’s been very good. So I don’t know if there’s anything  that I would change as far as my doctor is concerned, but I know that’s  not going to be the entirety of the community.

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You’ve  also met several other folks from the trans CF community who are  interested in taking hormones and/or having surgery. What have you  learned from connecting with others who are walking a similar path?

I’ve  only met a few people with CF who are transitioning. It seems pretty  simple for all of the female to male ones—they haven’t really had many  issues. However, of the two people with CF whom I’ve met who are  transitioning from male to female, one was still in the closet. The  other person, whom I just met, seems to be moving forward with  everything and she’s going to be talking to her CF doctors about whether  she can get on hormones. I shared my experiences with her so who knows  how that goes with her, but I have yet to meet another trans woman with  CF who is on hormones.

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What are  your biggest challenges with CF? What is your unique presentation of  the disease like and how has that changed in your experiences with CFTR  modulators?

I always  had really bad pancreatic issues. Since starting the modulators I  haven’t really noticed a lot of difference with my pancreas. My lungs,  on the other hand, are doing fantastic. I think I had a sinus infection  or something last week or two weeks ago, and even with that I just  bounced back quickly. It wasn’t like I was sick for a month because of  it, as I would have been pre-modulators. So the CFTR modulators have  really done a lot for my lungs. A few years ago, I was like, “okay, well  I’m gonna die soon,” and now I’m like, “wow, it’s done so much for me.”

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You’ve  had a lot of changes with your health since starting on Trikafta. How  have your expectations and experiences with Trikafta evolved and  differed from previous modulators you were taking?

When I  was on Symdeko, it didn’t seem like it really did anything for me.  Although it may have, considering that there were a lot of other things  going on when I started it. I quit smoking and a lot of other things  happened around the time I went on Symdeko, but I didn’t really notice a  whole lot of differences in much of anything. I mean, I was still on  constant oxygen—I was still having to pace myself to get through the day  and errands like grocery shopping were very challenging. I would have  to stop and take breathers for even the most basic tasks. With Trikafta,  occasionally I’ll get out of breath if I exert myself too much, but the  amount that I can exert myself before I get out of breath and have to  take a breather is way higher. And even at that, I just get winded; I  don’t start coughing mercilessly for 15 minutes, whereas most of my life  before that I did.

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Have you  had any concerns about interactions between your hormone therapy and  Trikafta? What kinds of things did you talk about with your care team  before switching from Symdeko?

I really  didn’t talk about much before switching to Trikafta. They pretty much  just told me, “we’re going to switch you; watch out for these things”  and that was about it. As for interactions with my hormones, again there  wasn’t really any conversation about it. I told my CF doctor what I was  doing and I asked him what he thought. He said I should be fine. That’s  kind of how my doctor is generally. I also told him about the surgeries  and he wasn’t particularly concerned about either that or hormone  interactions.

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What community resources have you found helpful in both coping with and living with CF?

I  haven’t found many helpful resources. I just disassociate when things  get too rough. I bury myself in whatever I’m doing at the time, whether  it be gaming or playing guitar or what have you. And that seems to be  better for me than a lot of the other outreach things—because for me  some of those just hammer the point of how I’m feeling. And, rather than  alleviate them, they make them fester. Like when I was part of that CF  group on Facebook, the constancy of people dying and people getting sick  and everything just really hurt me, so I had to step away from it. And I  find it really difficult to have friends who have CF because of that.  My friend with CF who is transitioning is not in the best of health. Her  lung function is really low. She’s on Trikafta and she’s hoping that it  can keep her going until she’s able to get a lung transplant.

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It’s  just really difficult seeing what’s going on in the community. So I pay  attention to the news of what’s going on with CF research, but as far as  the community itself…I kind of stay away from it. Obviously, there’s a  few people I’ve met who have been very awesome and I would hate to not  have them in my life now. But, for the most part, I kind of stay away  from other people with CF just because it’s really hard to get invested  in somebody and then to lose that. I don’t keep that from letting me get  invested; I just don’t often give myself the opportunity to be close to  others.

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You also  have an adorable dog, Lilith (“Lily”). Does having her by your side  help you stay well mentally? Were you concerned about allergies or other  issues that could impact your health from having a dog at home?

I don’t  remember why exactly I picked her, but I do remember when we went to the  pound. My roommate and I went to the pound just to look and we found  two dogs that we liked. They liked the other dog a little bit more and I  liked Lilith. There were three dogs in the kennel. She was sitting in  the back, just kind of staring at me with this pitiful little face and  I’m like, “oh she’s so sweet.” Occasionally she would nip at the other  dogs because they would get too close or in her face. And I knew she was  the dog for me. She just had a vibe about her. If I’m sad or upset or  something, just having her to cuddle with and be a goofball is really  great; she kind of opened my heart to dogs again. After my ex and I  split and she took our dog Tia with her, I just felt like there was  something missing. Getting Lily has been really amazing; she’s such a  good dog. She has her moments but she’s a great dog. She has also gotten  me up and moving. I think that’s important—I have to take her out and I  take her for walks because she won’t do her business unless she’s  walking. So she gets me up and moving rather than just wasting away in  my bed all the time. Her name comes from the TV show Supernatural…she’s a  Lilith, and she has turned out to be a little demon!

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I know  one of your biggest hobbies is gaming and you’re working on going  professional with it. How did you get into gaming? How do you want to be  known in the gaming world—how would you like to stand out as you build  your brand?

I  started gaming when I was little. I remember being like four or five and  staying with my mom playing Legend of Zelda and Final Fantasy. Ever  since then I’ve been big into gaming. When I was in high school I didn’t  play as much, but I still had my computer and I would still play on  that. My mom and I used to play Pokémon together. We would trade Pokémon  online because I got Pokémon Yellow and then she played it for a little  bit and then eventually bought herself a Gameboy. Gaming has always  been a thing we share. Even now my mom has an Xbox and plays Skyrim and  other similar role-playing games. So really gaming has just influenced  me throughout my entire life.

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You’re also very skilled at guitar. Can you share about your history as a musician and what you’re working on right now?

I’ve  always wanted to play guitar. Always—ever since I was little. My mom has  a photo of me when I was around five or six, playing with a toy guitar  and microphone on Christmas morning. Music has been a huge part of my  life ever since. When some kids were listening to children’s music, I  was listening to hard rock, heavy metal, and glam rock because that’s  what was popular at the time. My mom used to turn MTV on to soothe me  when I was little. As I got older, I constantly asked her for a guitar.  She was concerned that I would get frustrated and quit because my hands  are so small. However, she met a guy at work who apparently had really  small hands but he was a really good guitar player. Seeing him play was  what pushed her to give it a chance. I dabbled in guitar a little bit,  but not a whole lot, until I was 16, when my mom bought me my real  guitar. I’ve had several different guitars since then and I have had to  sell some of them to pay bills. But my current guitar is a PRS SE Paul  Allender model—the purple one with bat inlays. I saw it in Guitar Center  (https://www.guitarcenter.com)  and really wanted it. So I went home and sold all of my guitars and my  PlayStation 4 and bought it and I love it. It’s the nicest I’ve ever  had. This guitar—just the action on it and how it feels—it’s just so  perfect.

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What  musicians and bands inspire you? How has music shaped your journey with  CF and your self-discovery as a woman? What are you listening to  recently that moves you deeply?

I love  Icon for Hire. Ariel Bloomer—just her strength and everything that she’s  dealt with in her past—has really inspired me. Her look and everything  with the way that she creates her own clothes, her hair dye, and just  everything about her screams “empowerment” to me. Looking at her and the  way she held herself and the way she was singing is one of the many  things that pushed me to finally transition as well. It was almost like  stepping away from the dark gloominess that I had been in for so long.  It was like a light there that I saw and thought, “yeah, I want that.”  For so long, I had seen that light in me and it was always stifled by so  many things. I was never allowed to express myself in that way because I  was “a boy,” so there were a lot of things that caused me to repress it  more and more as the years went on, and I got the feeling more strongly  for me to transition.

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Do you have a funny CF story you’d feel comfortable sharing? Is there an experience you look back on now that makes you laugh?

I have a  story from when I was really little. My mom has told me was that I used  to always ride this big wheel when I was in the hospital. And I would  just ride it through the hospital and run over people’s toes,  apparently. But as far as growing up, I don’t really have any funny CF  stories because I was always so self-conscious of my coughing and other  things.

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Living  with CF constantly requires us to change our plans and accept difficult  things. What would a perfect day look like for you? Would your answer be  different if the COVID-19 pandemic were under better control?

The  pandemic wouldn’t affect my perfect day. I think the perfect day for me  would just be to have breakfast and then go to the lake and wakeboard  for hours and hours. And then come home, eat dinner, and game until I go  to sleep. I used to wakeboard a lot when I was younger. My mom’s  ex-husband had a boat, so we used to go every weekend during the summer.  It was a lot of fun and it was the one space where I didn’t have to  worry about anything.

Dr. Alexandra “Xan” Nowakowski is 38 years old and has CF. Xan is a director of CF Roundtable, in addition to being a medical sociologist and public health program  evaluator. They currently serve as an Assistant Professor in the  Geriatrics and Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine departments at  Florida State University College of Medicine. They also founded the  Write Where It Hurts project (www.writewhereithurts.net) on scholarship engaging lessons from lived experience of illness and trauma with their spouse, Dr. J Sumerau.

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If  you would like to be interviewed for “In The Spotlight,” please contact  Xan Nowakowski, Andrea Eisenman, or Jeanie Hanley. Their contact  information is on page 2.

My  body has long surpassed its expiration date, so when I see that a young  kid (or anyone, frankly) has died from cystic fibrosis as I continue to  enjoy my family, friends, and health, I cringe. It sets off a cascade  of emotions that has been formed over the years of living with the fact  that two of my siblings died decades before the idea of a “CFTR  modulator” existed.

It sucks  to outlive a sibling. It super-sucks to outlive a sibling who died of  CF. And it super-sucks squared if this happens twice. But at the same  time, as my father used to say, it beats the alternative.

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It seems  like the emotion of guilt is an inevitable consequence when we lose our  friends or family members who have CF. Of course, we “should” feel  guilty, right? It really never dawned on me to question the validity of  this guilt. It seemed like a no-brainer type of reflexive feeling, over  which I had no control. Until fairly recently, it seemed like something  with which I just had to live.

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But the  emotion of guilt is not pleasant. If we had the ability to choose an  emotion to feel, guilt would never be at the top of the list. So, in a  sense, I have allowed myself to kick my own ass for decades without  actually examining the basis for the emotion itself.

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The  basis for guilt is the thought, “I did something wrong” or, even worse,  “I am intrinsically wrong.” Clearly, being born into a family with other  children with CF was not something I actually “did.” Outliving another  human is not something I “do.” It just happens over and over until it  stops happening. That two of those humans I have outlived happened to be  my siblings is not something over which I had control. Logically, all  of this makes sense.

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This is  what therapists have told me, friends told me, my parents told me, even  my deceased siblings themselves told me. At some point, I finally began  telling myself these things. It makes absolute sense and I cannot find a  single objection to the obvious rationale.

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So why  did I still feel so bad for so many years after the logic of this had  finally clicked in my head? I felt bad because it felt better to feel  bad (guilty) than to admit to the fact that I have no control over life  now, that I never controlled life in the past, and that I have no  control over life in the future. This initially felt terrifying. The  idea of control has provided a sense of security over the years, and to  see it as illusory is more than a little unsettling. Accordingly, it  feels better to believe in a false sense of control of life and the idea  that life “should” be a certain way.

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The  sense of control over life is part of necessary psychological  development. For me, it was the coping mechanism that worked best while  growing up in my family. I’m fairly certain that it is a coping  mechanism that most people with chronic illness keenly develop. If we  didn’t feel somewhat in control as young kids who had CF, the stress  would have been the end of us. Of course, this doesn’t manifest as  control over health. We are clearly screwed in that domain. Instead, it  sneaks in as control over grades, or work, or fitness, or relationships,  or you-name-it. In any arena, it feels good to believe we are at least  somewhat in control.

With  that in mind, imagine what happens when life throws a really lousy curve  ball at you. The first instinct is to find a person, place, or thing to  blame. Ascribing blame provides an explanation for what happened and  why. We tell ourselves the story of where things went wrong so that we  believe that the next time around we can intervene and make life work  the way we desire. This provides the sense of control that feels  essential.

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Survivor’s  guilt is what happens when we outlive a loved one and look for someone  to blame. We look and look, but when there is nobody who did anything  wrong, we blame ourselves. The alternative is unacceptable. But can it  even make sense that we are in control of a life, either our own or that  of another person? What if there is nobody to fault when a death  occurs? What if there is nobody to blame because blame makes no sense?  What if the fallacy is in believing that we “have” a life, as do others?  The way I see it, we don’t own a life and we don’t lose a life. We are  life…all of us. Death is not the opposite of life. Death is the opposite  of birth. Life has no opposite, and nobody owns it. When we see this  clearly, survivor’s guilt ends. Grief remains, of course. Grief has to  make its way through you, but guilt doesn’t need to be part of this.

Julie  Desch is 59 years old and lives in San Rafael, CA. She enjoys  meditation, reading, writing, exercise of every variety, and hanging out  with her partner, two boys, and three dogs. She can be reached at Juliedesch@gmail.com.

It  was a relief when I watched my sister finally take her final breaths.  It’s a relief to even finally write that sentence. And yet, for four  years, every time that thought has entered my mind, shame immediately  follows. I hated myself for being relieved, despite it also meaning she  was no longer suffering.

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I  stopped believing in miracles a long time ago once I realized that  miracles meant somebody was choosing to save some people but not others;  it was easier for me to believe that life and nature are unfair,  unthinking, and random. Cystic fibrosis didn’t “happen” to me, my  sister, my cousin who died in 1966, my aunt who died in 1978, or anybody  who has the misfortune of a genetic quirk. Cystic fibrosis just is; it  is a disease that encompasses countless experiences with thousands of  different causes, and all of this together results in the suffering of  people with CF and those who love us. CF touches everybody in its  vicinity because, while the people who have it are the protagonists of  the story, watching somebody whom we care about experience anguish  creates additional anguish. Humans care about one another and we do not  enjoy watching others suffer. But this isn’t just about the CF  community. This is also about anybody who has ever had a chronic disease  or anybody who has ever suffered under the hand of other people or the  randomness of the universe. Suffering, then, is universal and cannot be  quantified. No methodology can cover the full scope of what it means to  suffer, but everybody has suffered in one way or another.

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Suffering  comprises the things we experience and the things we don’t. We are  allowed to grieve the lives we didn’t have, especially when those lives  ended prematurely because of something as random as two deletions of a  microscopic phenylalanine. Suffering is also not one dimensional.  Suffering can result in progress.

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I feel  both gratitude and despair that I watched my sister die. In the moment, I  felt horror as I realized I might be staring into my own future. I felt  deep anger that while other 29-year-olds were buying houses and getting  married, my sister lay in a hospital bed aware that her life was ending  while being watched by her brother with the same disease and by her  parents, one of whom had already lost a sister and cousin to CF many  decades earlier. I felt relief that her suffering was coming to an end. I  felt like it was my fate to watch my sister die since her suffering was  so much worse than mine.

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I first  thought about the possibility of my sister’s death when I was a young  child. I now realize how observant I was as a child as I reflect back on  my younger days where I first confronted the realization that everybody  we’ll ever know and love, including ourselves, would one day die. I  consider myself fortunate to have been there for my sister’s final  moments. Some people don’t get that. Some people don’t get to tell  somebody they love them before they lose them.

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Grief  and suffering force us into precarious states of mind. My sister died  from chronic rejection of her second double lung transplant. Hope,  always my family’s northern star, should remain flexible. We must  carefully reflect on what optimism means in times of difficulty.  Optimism is not usually wishing for things to be perfect. Mostly,  optimism means recognizing what we are confronted with and determining  which possible outcome will result in the least amount of suffering.

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About  six weeks before my sister died, Alyssa was declining rapidly. Neither  of her bilateral lung transplants had gone as smoothly as we had hoped  and we found ourselves in the same position as we had been in less than  two years before: chronic rejection. It was clear Alyssa was not an  ideal candidate for these procedures so a third transplant would not be  an option. In some ways, Alyssa had suffered more after her transplants  than before; the specter of hope of a healthy life with new lungs was  never fully realized for her. We did not speak about it openly, but we  knew her time was coming to an end.

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We  decided to take a final family vacation to LA. This trip was painful. We  couldn’t pretend that things were normal. We all knew these memories  would forever be tainted by what they were sure to be followed by—her  death. During this trip, one day my mom and I drove out to get coffee.  By this time—I was 23 and was working in a CF lab—I had assumed the role  of the one who understood the medical and scientific complexity of our  lives. I knew the prognosis for people with chronic rejection. The only  hope is that you can prolong their life by maybe months to years, but  with how rapidly my sister’s health was declining and with no treatments  working, I knew we were in the months range. But we also knew, since  she had dealt with chronic rejection before, that her suffering would  only worsen and result in more palliative care.

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I  explained this to my mom. I think my mom knew all of this, but my mom  clung closely to hope. How could she not? My mom could not accept that  Alyssa’s life, after being on the precipice of death several times  before, was truly nearing its end. We avoid death so much; we push it to  the side, acknowledging that it’s a part of life, but we never have the  honest, difficult conversations with one another that we should have. I  look back at this young version of myself and find myself, now at 27,  shocked by just how young I was to be having these conversations. I laid  out what I viewed to be the only possible futures for my sister:  continued suffering for months on end followed by her death, or a  shorter timeline of suffering followed by her death. Since a transplant  wasn’t an option and it’s not possible to reverse the condition she was  in, suffering for years in that state would’ve been worse than death.

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Six  weeks after that conversation, we would embrace as a family as we  watched my sister take her final breaths. Something that you don’t know  until you experience somebody’s death is how inconsequential the  surrounding circumstances can feel. When people die at the hospital, you  leave the room with your and their belongings. You walk out to the  parking garage, just as you would if you were walking to go pick up  lunch for a family member who just had a routine surgery, except, in  this circumstance, you are preparing for life without them. The next  phase begins with informing others and planning the funeral. Within two  days of her death, I was writing my sister’s obituary and her eulogy.  These formalities were greatly therapeutic for me. At the time, I was  still dreaming of becoming a writer, but my sister was one of my biggest  supporters and never doubted writing was in my future. To be able to  use this part of me to encapsulate my sister’s life was more meaningful  than I could’ve ever realized, partly because of the already devastating  survivor’s guilt I felt.

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An  unexpectedly difficult part of grieving my sister has been the dulling  of memories. I have replayed the majority of our memories so many times  since her death that I no longer really remember what it was like when  she was with us. Her life—and mine while she was alive—feels like it was  in the distant past. Sometimes it doesn’t even feel like those memories  are real; they feel like half-remembered dreams. My memories of her are  fixed: I can’t seem to remember anything new. What I do recall most  frequently is how much I wish I could’ve done things differently when  she was alive. I think about how much more I wish I had told her I loved  and admired her; I wish I had told her I was proud of her more often; I  wish I had spent more time with her. I wish I could’ve loosened up; I  took my role as protective little brother so seriously that I would  pressure her with tough love, often challenging her to take better care  of herself. I know that I did every bit of that out of unconditional  love, but there were many moments when she didn’t need tough love; she  needed gentle love and support. I frequently wish it would have been me  instead of her.

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Survivor’s  guilt is complex, strange, and frequently unreasonable. I feel guilty  that I was born six years after my sister or that I never struggled with  weight like she did. These feelings, unreasonable as they might be, are  valid. When we are forced to grieve and reconcile something as  inexplicable and painful as the death of somebody we love, our minds  operate in ways that might not make a ton of sense to us. That’s an  element of survivor’s guilt that I never expected; my mind, already at  times feeling foreign to me, felt even more divorced from my being. I  didn’t realize how much my worldview would come to change as I recounted  the time of my life when my sister was around. I didn’t realize it  would drive me to love people more fiercely; I feared that it would do  the opposite. I did not anticipate that the rollercoaster of guilt,  shame, and self-loathing would strengthen my resolve to love myself. I  did not realize just how transformative survivor’s guilt could be, if I  just took a step back and stopped resisting the lessons these  reflections were teaching me.

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I don’t  wish survivor’s guilt on anybody, and I also don’t believe people need  suffering and trauma to be empathetic toward others, or that everybody  has to find some grand romantic lesson in every bit of trauma they  experience. I do believe that my survivor’s guilt was rooted in  something different than the death of my sister; for me, it was  ingrained in my own struggles and insecurities. It was through the many  tears I shed that I realized my survivor’s guilt was rooted in my  inability to save my sister’s life. When she was alive, I believed death  was something that we could turn away when it was on our doorstep. We  could refuse death if we just tried hard enough. We could even help  others turn death away.

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I could  not save my sister’s life. For a long time, I blamed and hated myself  for not being able to save her life. This feeling, while valid, doesn’t  make a ton of sense. Grief and suffering force our minds into precarious  positions. I would’ve rather offered myself to death than not be able  to save her life. I felt that, if I could’ve chosen to die myself, that  would be a valiant sacrifice and a cause worth dying for, and it  would’ve relieved me of the 23 years of guilt I felt when I was healthy  while my sister was not. We had the same mutations and environments, so  why did she spend 99.9% more time in the hospital than I?

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I don’t  hesitate to express my love for others anymore. Life can change in the  blink of an eye and I never want to regret not telling people I care  about them. I don’t blame myself anymore because I know I was trying my  best out of love for my sister. I just wish I could tell my younger self  that.

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Tré  LaRosa is a writer and scientist currently residing in the Washington,  DC, area. He spent four years in a CF lab before moving to another role  as Research Lead where he focused on patient-reported outcomes.  Currently, he is a consultant. He writes on his personal blog at  trelarosa.com and also has a newsletter at trelarosa.substack.com where  he writes about subjects including science, social commentary, politics,  life with cystic fibrosis, grief, and anything else that comes to mind.  His hobbies include spending time with friends and family, playing  basketball, reading, skiing, conversing with people, reading Wikipedia  pages, and also conversing with people about how much he loves  Wikipedia. He also has a mini golden retriever who loves wearing  bandanas (or so Tré says) whom he loves very much.

Growing  up, I was rather sickly. I was gaunt and had the “CF look” before newer  medications made this obsolete. I was usually at the median age of  survival, even as this slowly increased over time, but my quality of  life was that of a person who coughed constantly, was confused with a  two-pack-a-day smoker, and ate mounds of food while gaining nary an  ounce of weight. My survival prospects were bleak at best. I frequently  lived close to death. I was constantly on IV antibiotics, which seemed  to no longer make a difference in the way I felt; they just kept the  infections from further wreaking havoc and overwhelming my weakened  body.

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I was  blissfully unaware of survivor’s guilt as I didn’t know anyone else with  CF until I was well into my late 20s or early 30s. However, being  culturally Jewish, I was familiar with other forms of guilt. Everything  made me feel guilty—if I got a new pair of pants or something good  happened, I had feelings of discomfort. It was hard for me to enjoy the  things I was given without feeling twinges of guilt if those around me  were not getting something, too. This may have come from being bullied  and teased mercilessly as a kid or because my mom was overprotective of  me—I’ll never know for sure. Regardless, those feelings stuck with me.

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I  wouldn’t truly know and experience survivor’s guilt until May 2000, when  I had my double-lung transplant at Columbia Presbyterian. A mere eight  days after receiving this new gift of life, I awoke from a dream about  my donor in the wee morning hours, just as the sun was starting to  crest. At the time, I was in the step-down unit on the transplant floor.  I had so many incongruous feelings, everything ranging from gratitude  for this life-saving gift to gut-wrenching sadness from the underlying  loss. I was incredibly grateful I was alive but also deeply saddened  that the gift of a second chance came at the cost of my donor’s own  life, not to mention how hard that was for my donor’s family. At the  time, I didn’t yet know that these feelings of guilt would be with me  for some time—not feeling worthy of this gift of life when so many  people do not even make it to the transplant surgery simply from a lack  of suitable donors.

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In some  ways, it felt normal having myriad emotions and feelings about this  wonderful gift of a new life because I imagined that my donor’s family  was simultaneously devastated by their loss. Thankfully, meeting my  donor’s family about 18 months after my surgery tempered these  discordant thoughts. My donor’s family said meeting the various  recipients of their mother’s organs helped them in processing their own  grief—in the end, something positive resulted from her death. While they  still missed their mom horribly, somehow this gave them some sense of  peace in the end.

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A year  or so later, I was at an event honoring donor families and my donor’s  daughter invited me and my mom to go with her. It was in November near  Thanksgiving and my donor’s daughter was saying how her and her mom’s  birthday were coming up. Mine was, too, so I asked what days they were.  She said that she was November 27. Her mom’s was November 29.  Eventually, they hoped to have someone fill in the gap. With tears in my  eyes, I took a gulp of air and croaked, “mine is the 28.” It almost  felt like it was kismet. She said she got chills and, from then on, we  had another bond that held us together. And thankfully, it helped me to  feel less guilty over my renewed ability to live and breathe freely.

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Prior to  transplant, I was pretty sick and was living a very limited life. I had  moved in with my mom as I could no longer live on my own. Post-lung  transplant, as my health continued to improve, I met many new people  with CF, both pre- and post-transplant. This was thrilling to me.  Getting to finally know and socialize with others who share this disease  has been a blessing.

Having  CF feels like knowing a shorthand or a secret language. I feel we learn  to have empathy at a younger age than most. We understand what the  stakes are with our disease. We get how all-consuming it can be to stay  well. Very little needs to be said in order to convey what is happening.  Our empathy for one another just reflexively kicks in. I treasure all  my CF peeps and am always so happy to be in their realm. As I mourn  those who are no longer here, it is not so much that they have died but  seeing them suffer has been the hardest. Why them, why not me? Hardest  were those who were younger than I.

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It was  against all odds that I recently turned 57. At times I cannot believe I  am still here. (My friends remind me that it is because I am so  compliant, but I am never sure.) While I am honored, in April, to  celebrate 22 years with my donor’s lungs, I do carry a lot of guilt at  still being around when so many of my peers are not. Being in the CF and  transplanted community can be a mixed blessing. Getting to know so many  great people is fulfilling, but losing them gets to be soul-crushing  over time. Many of the people whom I waited with for our transplants are  now gone, but it is even sadder to think about the deaths of people who  were transplanted after me.

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While  the survivor’s guilt hovers, it is clear—life is not fair. Why do some  people suffer so much while others do not? When I ask myself why them  and not me, I mean, am I still worthy to be here? What can I take away  from this guilt?

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After  much agonizing and therapy, I understand how lucky I am. Possibly this  guilt pushes me to remember to be appreciative. I remain thankful to  still be able to do most things most days. I continue to do what I can  to keep living in my donor’s memory. My days are still  treatment-filled—exercise, naps, cooking healthy-ish food, going to  myriad medical appointments ad nauseum. I feel I am still here through  the grace of many people’s support. It truly takes a village of  wonderful people whom I have been fortunate to know. Some no longer  here, sadly. But their memory resonates with me and is part of what  keeps me going.

It has  taken me years of thinking about this. Loss is painful. We miss our  friends and people we have come to admire in our communities who pass  away. We cannot explain it. The best we can say is, we are all fighting  this disease—or, in the case of transplant, the complications that  arise—the best way we know how. I try to be there for them when they are  alive and then for their families when they no longer are. I mourn  them. I try to process the emotions that come up and let the sadness  come. When I can, I try to remember the good times we had or funny  stories they told and the wisdom they imparted. Their spirit to be alive  continues to inspire me to push myself to keep striving. Their lives  enriched mine. And for that, I am forever grateful.

Andrea  Eisenman is 57 and has CF. She lives in New York, NY, with her husband  Steve and dogs, Willie and Roscoe. Andrea is the Executive Editor for  USACFA. She enjoys cooking new recipes, playing pickle ball, biking,  tennis when possible, and staying active as her health allows. Her  contact information is on page 2.

USACFA  is proud to announce that the application period for their newest  scholarship, the Scholarship for the Arts, established by Andrea  Eisenman to honor her mother, Helen Eisenman, is now open. Helen valued  education and had a great appreciation for the arts; she found immense  joy in music, opera, photography, and fine arts. She would be delighted  knowing this scholarship would benefit other adults in the CF community  who are interested in pursuing a degree in the arts.

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This  scholarship will award two deserving students $5,000 each toward their  tuition in their respective field of the arts: fine arts, computer  graphics, design, music, choral, photography, filmmaking, creative  writing, and poetry, to name a few. It is open to anyone seeking a  creative arts degree, whether it be an associate’s or a doctoral.

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Helen  was a single mother devoted to her daughter, Andrea, who has cystic  fibrosis. She made many sacrifices in order to help Andrea live a long  and healthy life. Helen also fit in her passion for the arts. She was a  talented photographer, writer, and editor (she used to proofread CF Roundtable, too).

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Helen  was born in 1928, near Vienna, Austria, and was a Holocaust survivor.  She and her parents were admirers of the arts in Vienna and later in New  York City, where they resettled after 1940. Helen was proficient in  several languages—German, French, Portuguese, and English—which would  later serve her well in her career writing subtitles for foreign films.  She majored in English at Queens College and landed her first job  writing for radio. Helen later joined the film industry as an editor  and, eventually, was known as the “Doyenne of Subtitles”—the go-to  person for subtitling foreign feature films.

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In her  50s, Helen combined her love of learning and photography by pursuing a  master’s degree at the New School of Social Research in NYC, where she  studied new media studies. This led to a few photo exhibits in Long  Island, NY. For her thesis, she taught kindergarten children this  medium, creating a photography program and building a darkroom in a  local public school. It was a way for young children to communicate  through images about their lives and the world around them.

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Helen  eventually added Spanish to her language proficiency repertoire in order  to broaden her freelance career as a subtitle translator. Having her  own company allowed her to care for her daughter, Andrea, who received a  double-lung transplant in 2000. Helen never let CF get her down and  never stopped fighting for her daughter. She instilled in Andrea the  appreciation of life and the arts. Andrea went to college and became a  graphic designer with a minor in silkscreen printing. Currently she  volunteers her time to USACFA and CF Roundtable.

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To apply  for this scholarship, please specify what type of creative degree you  are pursuing (e.g., fine arts, graphics, music, singing, photography,  filmmaking, writing, poetry, dance, theatre, and other performance  arts). Candidates should have a minimum GPA of 3.0. Please submit essay  answers, electronic samples of your work for consideration, transcripts,  and a letter from your physician confirming CF diagnosis. The  application deadline is April 15, 2022.

https://www.cfroundtable.com/arts-scholarship

Cystic Fibrosis(CF): Life Expectancy

In the  1940s, most babies born with CF died in infancy. Today, people living  with CF can expect to live into their 40s. Of those already over 30,  half are expected to live into their early 50s. lifespan. The above  statistics are the expected lifespan for a population, not for an  individual. They are also based on people who were born decades ago,  when many therapies currently in use were unavailable. A given person’s  life expectancy may be higher or lower than these numbers, depending on  their overall health, specific CF mutations, and responses to treatment,  as well as other factors. Babies born with CF in the last five years  have a median survival age of 48—meaning half are expected to live to  age 48 years or older. If treatments continue to improve at their  current pace, at least half the babies born with CF today will live into  their 50s and 60s. Men with CF have a median survival age that is two  to six years greater than women with CF. Why men with CF tend to survive  longer than women is not fully understood. One theory is that estrogen,  a hormone women have in higher amounts starting in puberty, plays a  role. Estrogen worsens mucus dehydration in the lungs and impairs the  immune system’s ability to clear common lung infections like Pseudomonas  aeruginosa. Women with CF may also experience higher levels of lung  inflammation. People with a single copy of the F508del mutation have a  higher median survival age than those who carry two copies. Cystic  fibrosis is most common in people of European ancestry, and less common  in those of Asian, African, or Hispanic ancestry. However, Hispanics  living in the United States have a lower median survival age than do  people of European ancestry. An individual’s lung function, as assessed  by their mean baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV%), is  an important predictor of survival and their need for a lung  transplant. Health problems arising from cystic fibrosis, such as poor  nutritional status, liver failure, and diabetes, can shorten a person’s  lifespan. Lung infections worsen lung function in CF and contribute to  early mortality. Common respiratory infections—such as those caused by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia—can cause severe lung  damage in people with CF.

https://tinyurl.com/mw7ha3he

Promising Drugs In Clinical Development For Cystic Fibrosis

GlobalData  focused its cystic fibrosis (CF) market forecast on five late-stage  Phase II products expected to be licensed for the disease between last  year and 2030. These include two transmembrane conductance regulator  (CFTR) modulator regimens from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, VX-561  (deutivacaftor) alone and in a triple combination with VX-121 and  tezacaftor; two CFTR modulator regimens from AbbVie, ABBV-3067 alone and  in combination with galicaftor (ABBV-2222); and an anti-inflammatory  agent in development by Laurent Pharmaceuticals, LAU-7b (fenretinide).  Vertex has completed one Phase II study (NCT03912233) of its  next-generation triple combination therapy, VX-121 + tezacaftor + VX-561  (deutivacaftor), in CF patients aged 18 years and older, with either  one F508del mutation and one minimal function CFTR mutation or two  F508del mutations. The regimen was reported to be well-tolerated and  achieved the primary goal of improved lung function and the secondary  goal of reducing sweat chloride. Data from the Phase II dose-ranging  study of VX-561 (deutivacaftor) alone are due to be reported in the near  future. Two Phase III trials are now being planned to evaluate VX-121 +  tezacaftor + VX-561 in CF patients aged 12 years and older. The main  goal of both Phase III studies is to achieve lung function improvements  similar to or superior to Trikafta/Kaftrio. AbbVie’s ABBV-3067, a CFTR  potentiator, alone and in combination with ABBV-2222, a CFTR corrector,  is being studied to target CF patients who are homozygous for the  F508del mutation. Since these pipeline agents are not expected to treat  new mutations or greatly improve efficacy or safety, it is likely that  these drugs will mainly serve as alternatives to currently marketed CFTR  modulator drugs. However, they may be useful options for patients who  develop intolerances or allergies or experience adverse events in  response to established products. In addition, further competition could  help to drive down drug prices to the benefit of consumers. Laurent  Pharmaceuticals’ LAU-7b (fenretinide) is expected to be the first  approved anti-inflammatory agent for CF. The ongoing late-stage Phase II  APPLAUD trial (NCT03265288) is evaluating the safety and efficacy of  LAU-7b for the treatment of CF patients aged 18 years and older.  Prospects for this drug, however, remain uncertain. The drug would need  to compete with other anti-inflammatory drugs recommended by guidelines,  including azithromycin, ibuprofen and prednisolone, all of which have a  well-established reputation, commercially and clinically, and lower  cost.

https://tinyurl.com/yzn6n9fc

Better Understanding Of Cystic Fibrosis

A  research team found that sodium transport is abnormal in lungs with CF.  The researchers studied the swine model of CF and used a specialized  microelectrode technique that allowed them to perform experiments with  very high resolution. They discovered there is excessive sodium  absorption in the small airways, a previously unstudied site in the  body.

https://tinyurl.com/5n7fubyp

Women With Cystic Fibrosis Have Higher Rates Of Pulmonary Exacerbations

Women  with cystic fibrosis have higher rates of pulmonary exacerbations  compared with men, with differences appearing early in life. Researchers  conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Cystic  Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry from 2006 to 2019. Among 40,782  individuals with cystic fibrosis, the mean age was 14.6 years and 48%  were women. Researchers evaluated the association of sex with the number  of annual pulmonary exacerbations requiring IV antibiotics, both  overall and among subgroups defined by nonmodifiable characteristics.  Women with cystic fibrosis experienced 0.18 more pulmonary exacerbations  per year compared with men, for a 29% higher relative rate of pulmonary  exacerbations. In addition, pulmonary exacerbation rates were higher  within subgroups stratified by age, race, ethnicity, delF508 mutation  and CFTR functional class. Identifying subgroups at highest risk for  pulmonary exacerbations is a high priority among the cystic fibrosis  community.

https://tinyurl.com/y69reo37

Urinary Incontinence Can Rise As Women Age, Study Finds

Urinary  incontinence, known to affect both girls and women with cystic fibrosis,  is increasingly prevalent as patients age. Estimates of incontinence  among women with CF range from 30% to 76%, but its exact causes are not  clear. CF patients who reported urinary incontinence in this study were  older on average and had many of the main characteristics of CF, such as  pancreatic insufficiency, chronic colonization by Pseudomonas  aeruginosa, and the presence of CF-related diabetes. Compared with  previous reports, females with urinary incontinence in this study also  had more severe respiratory issues and longer CF-related  hospitalizations, suggesting greater disease severity. Neither  constipation nor exercise, both of which have previously been linked to  urinary incontinence in the general population, were more common in CF  patients reporting urinary incontinence. Higher body mass index was  associated with a greater risk of incontinence, in line with a reported  link between obesity and urinary incontinence in healthy people. The  findings also indicated that undernutrition could also be associated  with more severe disease and, by consequence, to urinary incontinence. A  prompt referral for assessment and treatment with a specialist  urologist should be available at each CF clinic, in order to investigate  the onset and type of urinary incontinence early, even in younger  patients.

https://tinyurl.com/2p8eumrs

Lung And Nutritional Health, Like CF Mutation, Can Affect Lifespan

Inadequate  nutrition, poorly working or chronically infected lungs, and mutations  leading to more severe disease can shorten the lifespan of people with  cystic fibrosis (CF). All these factors interact with each other.  Therefore, it is important to take into account all the analyzed factors  when monitoring the course of the disease. In this study, the  researchers looked at how a handful of factors may determine survival in  CF, focusing on adults. The answer to the question of why some CF  patients live longer than others is still unclear, which, together with  the increasing number of adult patients, generates the need for research  on the factors affecting the survival rate in this group. The period  between 30 and 40  years of age is the most critical and most  exacerbations occurred over the period between 20 and 35 years of age.  The type of CF-causing mutation, FEV1%, BMI, and the presence of P.  aeruginosa all determined the probability of living for a lesser or  longer time. Patients who died at younger ages had two copies of a  mutation leading to more severe disease (Class 1–3 mutations in both  gene copies), an FEV1% lower than 40, a BMI lower than 18.5 kg/m2, and  the presence of P. aeruginosa resistant to antibiotics. Next, the  researchers used a method of analysis that allowed them to predict the  likelihood of survival based on observations of this patient group. They  found that the risk of death increased by two times for patients who  had a mutation leading to severe disease, almost six times when FEV1%  fell below the normal range, and more than four times when BMI fell  below the normal range of 18.5 to 24.9. It also rose by two times in the  presence of P. aeruginosa and by eight times if the bacteria were  resistant to antibiotics. The researchers concluded that the probability  of survival among adults with CF is a result of both genetic and  environmental factors contributing to the course of the disease. In this  study, patients living beyond the age of 40 had an unknown mutation or a  mutation leading to mild disease, normal or moderate lung function, a  healthy weight, and were free of infection by P. aeruginosa or infected  with strains responding to antibiotic treatment.

https://tinyurl.com/y3r4lskj

Results Of A Self-Management Intervention For Cystic Fibrosis

In  patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the use of a self-management  intervention involving data-logging nebulizers, a digital platform, and  behavioral change sessions attained higher adherence rates than usual  care. Investigators conducted a 2-arm, parallel-group, open-label,  randomized controlled trial at 19 CF centers to assess whether a  self-management intervention designed to support treatment adherence  would decrease exacerbation rates among patients with CF.  The primary  study outcome was pulmonary exacerbations. Secondary endpoints included  percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1); BMI; and  Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) score, which measures  quality of life and includes a perceived CF treatment burden subscale.  Results of the study showed that the mean exacerbation rate was not  statistically significant. Likewise, the percent predicted FEV1 was not  statistically significant. With respect to objectively measured  adherence, adjusted mean differences favored the intervention group  compared with the usual-care group. Adjusted mean differences in BMI  also favored the intervention group. With respect to CFQ-R scores,  although 7 of 8 different CFQ-R subscales revealed no between-group  differences, the CF treatment burden subscale scores were reduced in the  intervention group. Among the other 11-patient-reported outcomes at 12  months, which included 2 safety measures, 6 demonstrated differences  with the intervention vs usual care.

https://tinyurl.com/4mxaj9e4

More Support Urged for ‘Stressed’ Patients With Anxiety

People  with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have mild depression or anxiety report  heightened stress, with significantly lower scores on 10 of 12 measures  of health-related life quality as compared with the general population  of CF patients. According to investigators, these patients may require  more support, and specifically, possible individual interventions, such  as talk therapy, than the current standard of care recommends. These  findings indicate that monitoring, psychoeducation, and support may not  be sufficient for adults with CF with mild depression or anxiety,  suggesting the potential value of interventions. Living with a chronic  disease like CF can be stressful, and many people with CF experience  mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Current  guidelines suggest that CF patients should be screened yearly for such  problems, beginning at age 12. For those with mild scores for anxiety or  depression, the guidelines suggest offering preventive education and  support, with follow-up screening a few months later. However, people  with milder mental health symptoms have generally not been the focus of  CF mental health research, despite the potential for symptoms to persist  and progress in severity. A CF-specific form of cognitive behavioral  therapy — called CBT — in patients who have mild anxiety or depression  is being conducted. CBT is a form of talk therapy that works by  targeting emotions by changing thoughts and behaviors. The CBT program  being tested was developed by the researchers in collaboration with  clinicians and adults living with CF. It covers key topics and skills  for living with CF, including relaxation, depression in CF, adaptive  thinking, health-related goals, and anxiety. The study found elevated  symptoms at two to three times more frequently than expected in the  community, with rates increasing from adolescence into adulthood. Most  of the participants had received some form of mental health treatment in  the past. However, the majority had never received CBT or any similar  individual therapy. Half of the patients were actively taking  medications for anxiety and/or depression, and another 25% had taken  such medications in the past. These data suggest that the patients’ mild  scores for anxiety/depression could reflect a partial remission from a  prior episode that was more severe, rather than a first episode of  mental health problems. Similarly, on measures of health-related quality  of life scores in 10 of a dozen areas were significantly worse among  these CF patients compared with the values found in the general  population of people with CF. The two exceptions were respiratory  symptoms and weight. Further analyses of these scores indicated that  patients with advanced disease tended to report their care as  significantly less burdensome. Also of note, males tended to report  significantly worse quality of life relative to weight than did females.  These initial data suggest the potential value of interventions, such  as CBT aimed at secondary prevention and better long-term health.

https://tinyurl.com/y2y6ksm6

Simple Intervention Improved Spirometry Adherence For Outpatient Cystic Fibrosis Clinic

Pre-clinic  phone call reminders improved the number of patients with cystic  fibrosis who submitted home spirometry results. Initial provider  communication involved emailing or calling patients before their  scheduled telehealth visit to remind them to submit home spirometry data  prior to the visit. If spirometry results were not submitted, providers  would follow-up by email or phone after the telehealth visit. Several  barriers observed during this project included: (1) Some patients did  not have their devices on hand for the telehealth visit. (2) Many  patients did not prep their devices or install the appropriate app for  the telehealth visit. (3) Many patients waited to perform their at-home  spirometry testing during the telehealth visit. Overall, researchers  observed a 16% higher rate of spirometry result submissions before or on  the day of a patient’s telehealth visit when simple interventions such  as reminder phone calls and emails were implemented.

https://tinyurl.com/37ss5ssk

Cystic Fibrosis Triple Therapy Likely Contributed To Exacerbation Decrease During Pandemic

A new  study highlighted a decrease in pulmonary exacerbations during the  COVID-19 pandemic among patients with cystic fibrosis receiving triple  therapy with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor. Researchers reviewed  clinic and telehealth visit patient encounters and pulmonary  exacerbations among patients who were enrolled in the Cystic Fibrosis  Foundation Patient Registry from 2019 and 2020. From 2019 to 2020, there  was a 24% decrease in the number of patient encounters overall, a 55.9%  decrease in in-person clinic visits and a 60.6% decrease in reported  pulmonary exacerbations. The number of patient encounters in 2020 was  similar among patients who started Trikafta before or within the first  quarter of 2020 compared with those who were receiving other modulator  therapies or who initiated triple therapy after the first quarter 2020.  Researchers also observed a greater reduction in overall pulmonary  exacerbation incidence rates among those who received triple therapy  compared with those who did not. Results showed a greater reduction in  severe exacerbations from 2019 to 2020, compared with mild and moderate  exacerbations, among both those who received triple therapy and those  who did not. The exacerbation incidence rate within the  elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor population is more significantly  reduced, indicating that highly effective  elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor therapy has positive therapeutic  impacts for this population.

tinyurl.com/mr38s2ux

AND

https://tinyurl.com/yckjvs7v

Safety, Improved Outcomes With Cystic Fibrosis Triple Therapy Maintained Through 96 Weeks

Safety  and improvements in lung function, respiratory symptoms and CFTR  function with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor were maintained through  96 weeks of treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis and at least one  F508del allele. Analyses will continue through 192 weeks. This  open-label extension study included 506 participants with cystic  fibrosis aged 12 years and older with F508del and a minimal function  mutation or who were homozygous for F508del from the phase 3 pivotal  parent studies. All participants received at least one dose of  elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor and enrolled in the open-label  extension study. Nearly 500 participants experienced at least one  adverse event. Most reported adverse events were mild or moderate.  Exposure-adjusted adverse event rates and serious adverse events were  lower in the extension study compared with the placebo group in the  parent study that included participants who were heterozygous for  F508del and a minimal function mutation. There were no new safety  findings observed in the 96-week analysis. Improvements in percent  predicted FEV1, CFTR function as assessed by decreases in sweat chloride  concentrations, Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised respiratory  domain scores and BMI were maintained at 96 weeks. Thus, week 96 interim  results of this open-label extension study were consistent with the  previously established safety profile of  elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis greater  than or equal to 12 years of age and at least one F508del allele.  Clinically meaningful improvements in lung function, respiratory  symptoms and CFTR function assessed as decreases in sweat chloride  concentration observed in the parent studies were maintained through an  additional 96 weeks of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor treatment.

https://tinyurl.com/fzcpatae

Trikafta Found To Quickly Ease Sinus Symptoms In CF

Treatment  with Trikafta rapidly eases symptoms of chronic nose and sinus  inflammation in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Trikafta improves  symptoms of sinonasal disease within seven days of therapy, and the  improvement persists up to at least six months. The study question was  how does Trikafta affect the clinical manifestations of CF sinus  disease? Prior to starting on Trikafta, and after about nine months on  the medication, the patients underwent comprehensive assessments of  sinus health. They also regularly completed a questionnaire, called  SNOT-22 (sinonasal outcome test-22), measuring chronic rhinosinusitis  symptoms. Higher scores on this test indicate more severe symptoms; of  note, a change in score of 8.9 points or more is considered clinically  significant. Prior to starting treatment, the mean SNOT-22 score was  nearly 25 points. The scores rapidly decreased after patients started on  Trikafta. One month after treatment, mean scores were less than 15  points, well below the minimum change needed to indicate a clinically  significant improvement. Improvements were seen across all subscales of  the SNOT-22 assessment. SNOT-22 scores remained low out to six months.  Statistical analyses showed that people with more sinus and nasal  inflammation prior to treatment were significantly more likely to have a  reduction in chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms. Imaging of the patients’  sinuses via CT scans suggested that treatment with Trikafta reduced  mucus levels and mucosal thickening, which likely were key to the  overall improvements seen in the study. Assessments of patients’ nasal  tissue, done via endoscopy, suggested that treatment with Trikafta  decreased abnormalities such as polyps and crusting, with crusting  “entirely resolved” with Trikafta treatment. Statistical analyses  suggested that, like SNOT-22 scores, endoscopy improvements were more  common in people with more sinus and nasal inflammation before starting  Trikafta. Treatment with Trikafta did not improve patients’ ability to  smell, called olfaction, other analyses found.

https://tinyurl.com/2tdt4bny

Trikafta Shows Little Effect On GI Symptoms Over Six Months

Six  months of treatment with Trikafta does not substantially alter digestive  symptoms in people with cystic fibrosis. Analyses were presented that  compared digestive symptoms before starting treatment and after six  months, looking for trends. These analyses were broken down by age and  sex. Overall there was not an enormous change in terms of upper  digestive symptoms, such as nausea and abdominal pain. The most obvious  changes were for bloating, but the change varied by sex: females tended  to have less severe bloating after six months on Trikafta, whereas males  tended to report worsening bloating. These differences were more  pronounced in older patients. Similar results were found for lower  abdominal symptoms, such as constipation. In terms of digestive  health-associated life quality, overall trends showed improvement after  six months of therapy. The most substantial effect noted was reduced  dissatisfaction in males younger than 18. From baseline to six months,  the number of patients reporting constipation did not change  substantially, while the proportion with diarrhea increased. This  increase is not statistically significant, but it does line up with  anecdotal reports of diarrhea in people starting on Trikafta and other  CFTR modulators. Levels of fecal calprotectin — a marker of intestinal  inflammation — decreased significantly after six months on Trikafta. In  addition, there were no changes in levels of fecal elastase (a  pancreatic enzyme needed for digestion) or steatocrit, a marker of fat,  after six months of Trikafta treatment.

https://tinyurl.com/yh7xke69 

Laura  Tillman is 74 years old and has CF. She is a former director and  President of USACFA. She and her husband, Lew, live in Northville, MI.